Cultural Resource Management - Protecting Our Heritage

Cultural Resource Management - Protecting Our Heritage Cultural Resource Management is, essentially, a process by which the protection and management of the multitudinous but scarce elements of cultural heritage are given some consideration in a modern world with an expanding population and changing needs. Often equated with archaeology, CRM in fact should and does include a range of types of properties: â€Å"cultural landscapes, archaeological sites, historical records, social institutions, expressive cultures, old buildings, religious beliefs and practices, industrial heritage, folklife, artifacts [and] spiritual places† (T. King 2002 :p 1). Cultural Resource Management: Key Takeaways Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is a process that people use to manage and make decisions about scarce cultural resources in an equitable manner.  CRM (also known as Heritage Management) includes cultural landscapes, archaeological sites, historical records, and spiritual places, among other things.  The process must balance a variety of needs: safety, environmental protection, and transportation and construction needs of an expanding community, with the honor and protection of that past.  People who make those decisions are state agencies, politicians, construction engineers, members of the indigenous and local community, oral historians, archaeologists, city leaders, and other interested parties.   Cultural Resources in the Real World These resources do not exist in a vacuum, of course. Instead, they are situated in an environment where people live, work, have children, build new buildings and new roads, require sanitary landfills and parks, and need safe and protected environments. On frequent occasions, the expansion or modification of cities and towns and rural areas impact or threaten to impact the cultural resources: for example, new roads need to be built or the old ones widened into areas that have not been surveyed for cultural resources which may include archaeological sites and historic buildings. In these circumstances, decisions must be made to strike a balance between the various interests: that balance should attempt to allow practical growth for the living inhabitants while taking the protection of the cultural resources into consideration.   So, who is it that manages these properties, who makes those decisions? There are all kinds of people who take part in what is a political process balancing the trade-offs between growth and preservation: state agencies such as Departments of Transportation or State Historic Preservation Officers, politicians, construction engineers, members of the indigenous community, archaeological or historical consultants, oral historians, historical society members, city leaders: in fact the list of interested parties varies with the project and cultural resources involved. The Political Process of CRM Much of what practitioners call Cultural Resource Management in the United States really deals with only those resources that are (a) physical places and things like archaeological sites and buildings, and that are (b) known or thought to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. When a project or activity that a federal agency is involved in may affect such a property, a specific set of legal requirements, set forth in regulations under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, comes into play. The Section 106 regulations lay out a system of steps by which historic places are identified, effects on them are predicted, and ways are worked out to somehow resolve effects that are adverse. All this is done through consultation with the federal agency, the State Historic Preservation Officer, and other interested parties. Section 106 does not protect cultural resources that are not historic propertiesfor example, relatively recent places of cultural importance, and non-physical cultural features like music, dance, and religious practices. Nor does it affect projects in which the federal government is not involved- that is, private, state, and local projects requiring no federal funds or permits. Nevertheless, it is the process of Section 106 review that most archaeologists mean when they say CRM. CRM: The Process Although the CRM process described above reflects the way heritage management works in the United States, discussion of such issues in most countries in the modern world includes a number of interested parties and almost always results in a compromise between competing interests of historic preservation, but also safety, commercial interests, and continuing fluctuation of political strength about what is appropriate to be preserved and what is not. Thanks to Tom King for his contributions to this definition. Recent CRM Books King, Thomas F. A Companion to Cultural Resource Management. Walden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.Hardesty, Donald L., and Barbara J. LIttle. Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians. Second ed. Lanham, Massachusetts: Altamira Press, 2009. Print.Hurley, Andrew.  Beyond Preservation: Using Public History to Revitalize Inner Cities. Philadelphia: Temple Univeristy Press, 2010.King, Thomas F., ed. A Companion to Cultural Resource Management. Walden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.Siegel, Peter E., and Elizabeth Righter, eds. Protecting Heritage in the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 2011, Print.Taberner, Aimà ©e L. Cultural Property Acquisitions: Navigating the Shifting Landscape. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press, 2012. Print.Taylor, Ken, and Jane L. Lennon, eds. Managing Cultural Landscapes. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Specialised nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Specialised nursing - Essay Example The presentation of depression of people with autism, which is a pervasive developmental disorder, is coloured by the underlying disorder, considerably altering the manner in which it presents (Munden and Perry, 2002, 13). Nursing assessment, diagnostic process, care plan, and care delivery would thus be very complicated. The clinical presentation further complicates the already existing difficulties in communication. There is a necessity of increased nursing knowledge base to ensure people with autism receive a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment (Stewart et al., 2006, 103-116). Mr. John has been admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, it is expected that he has presented in an advanced stage, where palliative surgery is the only means of treatment, and the outlook is poor. His understanding about his condition would be poor. The nurse who is left with his care has several challenges. Most important is his inability to communicate. The patient remains conscious about that, and as a result becomes anxious. The basis of nursing in his care would depend on social exchange between him and his nurse. However, the social impairment is extreme, leading to situations where his well-defined needs may fail to be adequately considered. The classical triad of impairments in him would be social relationship, social understanding, and imagination and social communication. These patients are often extremely anxious in an unfamiliar environment, and from that angle, admission to a hospital is a very difficult issue to deal with. The nurse must be aware of this fact, and the problem may be further aggravated by failure to communicate (Valente, 2004, 236-243). His advanced stage of gastric cancer needing palliative surgery places him in the need of palliative nursing care. Many autistic individuals need palliative care, and their care needs are different (Dell et al., 2008, 177-182). His palliative care need would need extra input from the nursing services. Palliative care is implemented for people with impending death, and being an autistic individual, his morbidity and mortality patterns, healthcare needs, presentation of symptoms, conceptualization of illness and death, and issues around education and training will be different. Palliative care has been defined as active total care for patients whose disease is unresponsive to curative management. The nursing goal is to achieve the best possible quality of life for both the patient and his family. Being autistic exerts limitations in adaptive skill areas, such as, communications, home living, skills in social relations, self-care, academic skills, concepts in health and safety, and leis ure and work. All these factors may influence his care (Tuffrey-Wijne, 2003, 55-57). The associated depression in this patient is another problem. Depression frequently coexists but is very difficult to identify, since many of these patients are noncommunicative. Behaviours may escalate or patients may shut down, where the nurses must rely on their interpretations of their behaviours and the environment. The nurse must be aware about this possibility. The presentation depends on the patient's age, level of intelligence, and level of verbal skills. There may be history of crying spells, sad affect, increasing aloofness or social withdrawal, and disturbance of sleep and

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Economics - Essay Example Trade unions are frequently charged of benefiting the insider workers, those having a secure job as well as high efficiency, at the cost of the outsider workers, those who are jobless or at the risk of joblessness or who are not find to get the job that they want in a particular field. The alleged insider-outsider theory studies this problem. Usually, the trivial benefit of an additional worker decreases as the number of workers raise. This entails that the lower the minimum wage, the more workers a company can gainfully employ. Consequently, while an augment in the minimum wage benefits the insiders, consequently fewer new workers are employed and fewer retiring workers reinstated. This effect is more marked in a work-intensive service company (Baker, (2002). The economic examination of a cartel applies totally to most unions, to those that struggle to fix the price of work, to limit supply or to limit rivalry. Conversely, unions often have also other jobs than those of a cartel: they may counsel the workers, warn concerning detrimental contracts or terms of employment etc. These latter purposes are typically considered as valuable for both the workers and for the society all together, whereas the opposite applies to cartel-type minimum terms. Frequently the union on a particular industry puts pressure on politicians to finance the industry concerned. This promotes the companies, workers, shareholders as well as consumers of the product of that industry at a cost to other people. As a result, it depends on the question whether the welfare of a trade union are for or in opposition to the interests of the companies, unemployed, workers, tax-payers or the society all together. Small unions have grown to enormous size; a huge new federation has developed; and now the old American Federation of Labor and its late rival, the

Analysis of Irelands Defamation Laws

Analysis of Irelands Defamation Laws Defamation Media Constitution Introduction What is Defamation? In a society that often prides itself on having a free and unbiased media, it is important to understand the limitations of such a freedom and the effects it has on a persons social rights. Different jurisdictions tend to embrace the concept of defamation in different ways. For example, the United States has the First Amendment in their Constitution, which has become famous through its abundant presence in popular culture that is based around American law. Australia has an implied freedom of political communication, which is not expressly provided for in their Constitution; however case law has seen effect given to such a value which is far more specific than the American Constitution. The Irish system is quite different from the above. As this brief will uncover, the Irish definition of defamation law is essentially the right of a person to their reputation or their good name. This brief will critically discuss the ways that the Irish courts apply defamation laws, and the relevant constitutional and legislative framework that is in place, which is somewhat unique to the Irish system. The Irish Constitution The Constitution is the most supreme law in the land. It limits the governments legislative abilities while also balancing the fundamental rights of its citizens. Different jurisdictions have different values which they seek to protect, often reflecting different cultural ideologies. However, Ireland appears to take much of its guidance from countries such as the United States and Australia, in that it protects the overall freedom of the media. This freedom of expression is considered fundamental in allowing persons to express their thoughts on government and political issues, which is vital in promoting democratic ideals and enhancing social participation. Obviously, this draws parallels with the famous First Amendment of the United States Constitution which protects an individuals right to free speech, however the Irish Constitution appears to somewhat limit and specialise the protection it offers its citizens. The Irish Constitution extends its express protection against defamation beyond the media on to the individual. It states: the State shall, in particular, by its laws, protect as best it may from unjust attack (and, in the case of injustice done, vindicate) the life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen. This is the cornerstone of an individuals protection against defamation in the Irish jurisdiction. It expressly and firmly entrenches the notion that a citizen is entitled to a good reputation, and any violation thereof must be justified in the sense that a person has brought on such action themselves. It places a duty upon the legislature to put in place laws which would serve to protect a persons good name, and the laws of defamation have been specifically acknowledged by the Irish High Court as fundamental in promoting this protection. The Constitution, while serving to protect persons against any defamation actions, also recognises the need to balance protection of rights with the need for freedom of expression. As previously mentioned, the Constitution serves to protect the rights of individuals against defamation through placing restrictions on the medias rights to express opinions in certain circumstances. This is elaborated upon expressly in the Constitution, in the sense that it says the media and press retain their right to a freedom of expression, however it is not to use that freedom to undermine public order, morality or the authority of the State. This clearly demonstrates the requirement that the State must balance freedom of expression with protection of ones good name, which has been mentioned throughout this chapter. In summary, it is quite clear that the Irish Constitution forms a key part of the protection of an individual from defamation. As this brief will uncover, it is these constitutional provisions that form the cornerstone of legislative protections, such as the Defamation Act 1961, and a host of case law on the issue. Additionally, it would also appear that the Constitution is consistent with European standards, in that it protects ones fundamental right to their good name while finely balancing the need for a free and unbiased media. This can be found in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which states: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas, without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. It goes on to say: [Restrictions will be placed on this freedom] as are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. These standards are consistent with the aforementioned discussion, and clearly demonstrate the need for the balance of rights with democratic ideas and values. The Defamation Act 1961 It could be said that the most significant law on defamation in Ireland is the Defamation Act 1961. This legislation replaces much of the law that previously existed in terms of defamation, and codifies many of the common law principles of defamation that are preserved in the Irish legal system. This Act is divided into three key parts: Part I is a preliminary section, dealing with much of the definition, application and jurisdictional issues. Part II addresses the concept of criminal libel, which is an entirely different area of law again from defamation, and Part III (sections 14 to 26) deals with civil defamation. This brief will now attempt to offer a critique of the relevant provisions of the Defamation Act 1961, assessing how it serves to protect ones constitutional right to their good name. Perhaps one of the most intriguing provisions of this Act is one that prohibits a party from using words which impute unchastity or adultery on the part of a woman or girl. This, in itself, is not such an extraordinary provision; however the same section also provides that an action may be taken by a party offended by such words without any proof of actual damages. Therefore this Act, at least in this regard, tends to err on the side of caution and expressly outlaw any libellous comments in relation to a womans sexuality ideally without the need to resort to the courts for remedy. As a general rule, Part II of this Act seeks to outlaw certain conduct by parties, particularly the media, in order to prevent libellous statements from being made in the first case. The Second Schedule of the Act prescribes certain publications as being privileged (i.e. exempt from defamation laws unless malicious intention can be proven). Such publications include reports of decisions taken by international and domestic political organisations, meetings of companies, and other meetings which discuss issues of public concern. Therefore, the Act also recognises the duty of the media to report issues that are of concern to the public, while seeking to balance out that right of knowledge with the publics constitutional right to their good name. There has been some push for reform of the Defamation Act 1961 in the past few years. Some have cited the European Convention on Human Rights as their primary concern, claiming that the current Irish law lags behind the standards that are set by the European legislation. There is also claim that the proposed legislation needs to take recognition of similar decisions which are handed down by European and UK courts, given the fact that these two jurisdictions have defamation laws which are considered to be the benchmark in libel protection. The Approach of the Courts This brief has covered the various constitutional and legislative frameworks that are in place in order to allow the courts to properly discharge their role of applying the law. But often there comes a time when the courts are still required to make decisions where the law is unclear or non-existent, which is the cornerstone of the common law system. Ireland is no different, and there have been plenty of common law decisions handed down over time to provide further guidance as to how defamation law is applied in the Irish jurisdiction. The courts have further elaborated upon the already existing laws in Ireland and have accordingly specified that in order for a statement to be actionable under defamation, the following three key criteria must be satisfied: The statement must be published; The statement must refer to the person complaining; and The statement must be proven to be false. In relation to the need for the statement to be published, the courts have said that (for example) a letter that is sent to a person only becomes slanderous when it is read by persons other than to whom it was addressed, given that there would otherwise be no evidence of the comments in the letter becoming public. However, the courts have also stated that a person who anticipates that a statement will become public can apply for an injunction to prevent its publication; however where the publisher can prove a need to publish on the basis of public interest, the court will often refrain from issuing an injunction and leaving the claimant to seek remedy through damages at a later stage. The courts have further refined the abovementioned list of criteria for libel and slander, and have adopted the following list taken from Gatley on Libel and Slander (10th ed, 2004, London), which illustrates the factors that the court should take into consideration when deciding whether a newspaper article may be libellous: 1. The seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual harmed, if the allegation is not true; 2. The nature of the information, and the extent to which the subject-matter is a matter of public concern; 3. The source of the information. Some informants have no direct knowledge of the events. Some have their own axes to grind, or are being paid for their stories; 4. The steps taken to verify the information; 5. The status of the information. The allegation may have already been the subject of an investigation which commands respect; 6. The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable commodity; 7. Whether comment was sought from the plaintiff. He may have information others do not possess or have not disclosed. An approach to the plaintiff will not always be necessary; 8. Whether the article contained the gist of the plaintiffs side of the story; 9. The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or call for an investigation. It need not adopt allegations as statements of fact; 10. The circumstances of the publication, including the timing. This is not in itself an exhaustive list of what the court will consider in these cases involving publications in the media; however it at least allows us to establish the ratio decidendi behind it. The courts will of course balance the above list in conjunction with the constitutional and legislative rights of the public to receive such information; but the court will, at all times, seek to hand down a decision that ultimately serves the interests of the parties concerned as well as the public at large. Conclusion This brief has sought to offer a critical discussion as to how Irish defamation law seeks to protect the rights of individuals and the media. It has also sought to discuss the ways in which the courts are bound to apply the law. It is abundantly clear that defamation law is firmly entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, which forms the foundation of all laws that are enacted within that jurisdiction. The proposition that this brief set out to discuss claims that the defamation laws in Ireland seek to strike a balance between the right of someone to their reputation and the right of the media to freedom of expression. It is clear that the laws do attempt to do this, as one only needs to look at Article 40 of the Constitution to see an express demonstration of such a practice. The courts are obviously bound by the Constitution, and thus their freedom to interpret defamation laws is somewhat limited. However, the courts have been free to devise certain criteria within the constitutional and legislative framework that is in place to ensure a consistent application of defamation principles. There must be a need for the comments of a party to be published, be false and identify the claimant in order for a claim in slander can be substantiated. Within this, however, the courts have devised a list of factors which they consider in conjunction with these broad principles, which appear to allow for a number of different circumstances to be adjudged equally. Finally, it would appear that the standards relied upon by the Irish courts in regards to defamation laws are consistent with the approaches taken in other jurisdictions, especially in Europe. This is clearly evidenced by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which again establishes the notion that a domestic legislature must attempt to balance the rights of the individual with the right to freedom of expression. A democratic society cannot exist without these two factors being present, and thus it is of utmost importance to preserve them with the maximum possible effect, without detracting from the need to protect other individual and social rights. Bibliography Books Gatley, J.C.C., McEwen, R.L., and Lewis, P.S.C., Gatley on Libel and Slander (10th ed, 2004), London: Sweet and Maxwell Cases Ahern v Maguire (1840), full citation unavailable Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 Judge Alan Mahon and others v Keena and another [2007] IEHC 348 Kennedy v Hearne [1988] IR 481 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 Leech v Independent Newspapers (Ireland) Ltd [2007] IEHC 223 National Irish Bank v Radio Telefis Eireann [1998] 2 IR 465 Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1 Reynolds v Sunday Times Newspapers [2002] 2 AC 127 HL Legislation Defamation Act 1961 European Convention on Human Rights Irish Constitution United States Constitution Other Sources Author Unknown, Defamation Bill Goes Before Seanad (2006) The Irish Times, 6 December 2006, available at

Arguments of the death penalty Essay

Is death the justification of a murder or are we merely subduing ourselves by performing the same heinous act? This argument had been debated for many decades and although some feel that death is the answer to a murder, there are others that find it completely barbaric. Through a careful analysis between Edward Koch’s â€Å"Death and Justice† and David Bruck’s â€Å"The Death Penalty†, I believe Koch had the better argument in claiming that death is the justification of a murder. I feel that if someone were to kill another person, we have all rights to sentence them to a death penalty to guarantee such a horrific crime would not happen again. If someone had the courage to take the life of another then he/she should have the courage to face the consequences. Although many believed that the death penalty is barbaric, I believe if it is not done, it would hinder America’s goal in working toward a country that possesses the least crime rates. In Koch’s essay he compared cancer with the death penalty. â€Å"Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread with†¦methods that considered barbaric†¦But to give up†¦would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure.† (Koch, paragraph 6) What Koch tried to convey to us is that certain methods of reducing cancer symptoms may be found barbaric but it is because of these methods we will find an eventual cure. This applies to the death penalty as well. Although someone may believe the death penalty is barbaric, they can still support it because if we create a society that does not tolerate the injustice of murder, incidents of murd er will decrease. In Bruck’s argument he attacked back by stating that the death penalty was applied in a discriminatory manner through a man by the name of â€Å"Ernest Knighton†. â€Å"Knighton had killed a gas station owner during a robbery†¦Why was Knighton electrocuted when almost everyone else who committed the same offense was not? Was it because he was black? Was it because his victim and all 12 members of the jury†¦were right?† (Bruck, paragraph 10) He’s stating the jury was racist to Knighton because he was black and the death penalty does not serve justice. I believe that his isn’t so because the appeals for each murderer are long and accurate. Our courts are made so that each case is handled effectively and thoroughly to bring forth justice in the case. Koch stated â€Å"It is not justice to exclude everyone from the penalty of the  law if a few are found to be so favored. Justice requires that the law be applied equally to all.† (Koch, paragraph 11). It is not a racial matter because the appeals process is long and elaborate for every individual and a person will not be given any less attention due to their race. The death penalty served justice to people who had abused it. It will ensure a safer society because potential murderers would be afraid to kill because if they did, they would be executed as well. If we do not continue to practice this then murder rates would steadily increase. It is also not a racial issue because each case is observed with the full extent of the law. I believe the death penalty should continue to be instated because it will provide for a quicker progression to a murder-free America.

Interesting Facts About Magnesium

Magnesium is an important alkaline earth metal. Its essential for animal and plant nutrition and is found in a variety of foods we eat and many everyday products. Here are some interesting facts about magnesium: Magnesium Facts Magnesium is the metal ion found at the center of every chlorophyll molecule. Its an essential element for photosynthesis.Magnesium ions taste sour. A small amount of magnesium imparts a slightly tart flavor to mineral water.Adding water to a magnesium fire produces hydrogen gas, which can cause the fire to burn more fiercely.Magnesium is a silvery-white alkaline earth metal.Magnesium is named for the Greek city of Magnesia, a source of calcium oxide, which is called magnesia.Magnesium is the ninth-most abundant element in the universe.Magnesium forms in large stars as a result of the fusion of helium with neon. In supernovas, the element is built from the addition of three helium nuclei to one carbon.Magnesium is the 11th-most abundant element in the human body by mass. Magnesium ions are found in every cell in the body.Magnesium is necessary for hundreds of biochemical reactions in the body. The average person requires 250 to 350 mg of magnesium each day or about 100 grams of magne sium annually.About 60% of the magnesium in the human body is found in  the skeleton, 39% in the muscle tissue, with 1% being extracellular.Low magnesium intake or absorption is associated with diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, sleep disturbances, and metabolic syndrome.Magnesium is the eighth-most abundant element in the Earths crust.Magnesium was first recognized as an element in 1755 by Joseph Black. However, it wasnt isolated until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy.The most common commercial use of magnesium metal is as an alloying agent with aluminum. The resulting alloy is lighter, stronger, and easier to work than pure aluminum.China is the leading producer of magnesium, responsible for about 80% of the worlds supply.Magnesium may be prepared from  the electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride, most commonly obtained from seawater.

Sexism Is The True Hindrance For Female Careers - 1407 Words

Even today’s society, gender inequality remains a very controversial topic. One especially debated area is whether or not sexism exists in the workplace. Some argue that sexism is a major deterrent in the careers of women, and is the main reason women are not as prominent in positions of power and thus in our society. Others believe that women choose not to pursue such positions, because of their roles as mothers. However, it is views like this that prevent women from being taken seriously as workers. Upon closer insight into our society, it is evident that sexism is the true hindrance in female careers. Factors such as sexism in employment, pay inequality, and a lack of feelings of confidence and safety prevent women from advancing in†¦show more content†¦The fact that to an employer â€Å"woman† translates to â€Å"unqualified† is just one example of how deeply rooted sexism is in the minds of the citizens, and what a formidable opponent gender inequal ity is to women. This sexist mindset is what deters women from advancing in their careers and in our society, making it impossible for that mindset to be changed. How can women advance to positions of power in their careers and achieve equality if simply being hired is a challenge, despite legitimate qualifications? And even after women are hired, workplace sexism is right at their heels. The most obvious example of how undervalued women are in the workplace is the gender pay gap, which is an immediate part of a woman’s career, already present as women coming out of college begin to work (Asian News International). According to Miller â€Å"Women make about 79 percent of what men make -- this translates into a loss of about $10,000 each year. † This means that women are being paid over 20% less than what men are paid for the same job and for the same work. The gap between the worth of male and female labor is startling, and the gender inequality here is blatant. Women being so severely underpaid is a clear sign female workers are valued much less than male workers. The sheer financial discrimination women face in their careers is obvious, and a serious obstacle for women trying to advance in their careers. Not only are women underappreciated at work, they are also