How Children Learn to Read and Write, with use of Quality Texts to Support

An analysis of the way in which children learn to read and write, and the place of quality texts in supporting this. â€Å"Being able to read is the most important skill children will learn during their early schooling and has far-reaching implications for lifelong confidence and well-being. †(Adonis & Hughes, 2007) Throughout history, different strategies and methods have been developed to aid com/frederick-douglass-and-malcolm-x-compare-and-contrast-essay/">learning to read and write. Classic styles (although still highly regarded) of writing children’s books including, rhyming, rhythm and repetition have been used consistently to support evolving children’s literacy (Lerer, 2009).Newer methods such as synthetic phonics include developing the relationship between sounds and written word. This essay will highlight different strategies and methods that have been developed, and their effectiveness in developing a child’s literacy skills from a young age . McGee & Richgels talk about ‘each child’s journey through the wide and varied landscape of literacy development being unique’. They explain that ‘decoding, fluency, background knowledge, comprehension and motivation are essential in each child’s literary development (McGee & Richgels, 2003).From the moment a child becomes aware of his/her surroundings, they will be aware of environmental print; â€Å"Environmental print refers to print that occurs in real life contexts- the signs, billboards, logos and functional print that saturate a child’s world† (Prior & Gerard, 2004:5). This allows the child to engage with the shapes and form of the words, without actually having an understanding of the meaning. Yetta Goodman describes this period as; ‘the roots of literacy’ (Goodman, 1980). Children will assign their own meanings to the marks, this shows they have engaged with the print and have decided what it means.She a explains Dolores Durkin’s paper ‘paper and pencil kids’, with regard to setting a stong foundation in literacy. She explains children’s ‘ideographic message drawings’ come first, followed by ‘scribbling’, these scribbles then evolve into ‘random letters’, and then eventually more conventional word forms. During this process children learn to decode their own words and the words of others. ‘Stepping into reading’ is easy for them, as they have already engaged with the forms of the print in meaningful ways (Shea, 2011).Goodwin explains; Concept Books are special books designed to teach concepts such a colours, shapes, materials and animals to young children. Concept books have very few words (perhaps one per page), but very vivid and engaging pictures that allow the child to associate the words on the page with the illustration (Goodwin, 2008). Learning the alphabet is good example of where a well-made co ncept book could be used. Helen Oxenburys book; ABC of things is a perfect example of this, as each page has a different letter with a pleasing illustration, creating narrative interest within each picture.Picture books can be used as an excellent resource in helping develop young children’s literacy. Goodwin explains that illustration in picture books ‘may be simply decorative’ but often aims to ‘interpret’ or ‘supply narrative meaning’ that isn’t accessible from the text alone. (Goodwin, 2008) A good picture book can be enjoyed by people of any age. â€Å"Anyone who has read picture books with very young children knows that they promote personal, detailed and exploratory talk as well as social or even raucous merriment† (Watson & Styles, 1996:1).A good method of gauging children’s engagement with a picture book could be Aidan Chambers’ ‘Tell Me’ approach. Chambers explains that the tell me a pproach is about finding out about the readers experience with the books – ‘enjoyment, thoughts, feelings, memories’ and whatever the reader wisher to report. Thoughts are ‘honourably reported’ without risk of belittlement or rejection, which allows the teacher and reader to explore the book in explicit detail (Chambers, 1996).Meek, in her book; ‘How Texts Teach What Readers Learn’, explains that although ‘good decoding’ and ‘good teachers’ help, texts themselves play a very important role in teaching children to be readers, rather than people that can merely read (Meek, 1988). Goodwin talks about introducing children to ‘intertextual thinking’. She names books such as Pat Hutchin’s; ‘Rosie’s Walk’ and Janet Ahlbergs; ‘Each Peach Pear Plum’, to illustrate her point that a text can mean more than the words themselves (Goodwin, 2008). â€Å"Part of the joy of r eading literature is revelling In the language that authors use† (Goodwin, 2008:25).As well as pictures, literary language can be utilised to create narrative interest for a child learning to read. Studies have shown that; â€Å"Children’s early (preschool) sensitivity to rhyme and alliteration is an extremely powerful indicator of their eventual success in learning to read (Perfetti et al, 1997:226). Cook writes about rhyme in literacy in becoming literate; He says that in the ‘early stages’ rhymes ‘draw attention to linguistic structures’, and at a later stage provide a ‘pleasurable halfway house between language as sound and language as the vehicle of relatively precise meaning’ (Cook, 200:26).A good example of rhyme and rhythm in literature is ‘Tanka Tanka Tanka’ by Steve Webb. Goodwin (2008) explains the ‘strong rhythmic pattern’ leads the reader to ‘respond with dance’. He talks about t he rhythm of the language drawing the reader in, taking the literature ‘beyond the cognitive’ (Goodwin, 2008). As well as rhyme and rhythm, repeating texts have been used to engage children with literacy. â€Å"Repetition increases the strength of neural connections. Reading the same book to children repeatedly serves to reinforce familiar words† (Wolfe & Nevills, 2004:45).A perfect example of a repeating text is ‘We’re going on a bear hunt’ By Michael Rosen and Helen Oxenbury. Goodwin talks about ‘the great joy of the book’ for the young readers. She explains the way the language ‘mirrors the experiences of the story’, saying that the repetition makes children ‘compelled to join in’ (Goodwin, 2008:24). Not only is good literary language important when considering children coming to grips with literacy, but the type of book you choose. Considering what the child is interested in when choosing your boo k will help when you come to read it.Traditional books which follow themes such as; fairy stories, folk tales, legends and myths or dragons. Meek talks of fairy stories being ‘genuine children’s literature’. She explains there are ‘deep and abiding links between the childhood of mankind as preserved in these stories and the early life of each of us’ (Meek, 1982:36). Goodwin writes about traditional stories challenging ‘accepted notions of good and evil, of family structure and of relationships’. Stories such as ‘Cinderella’ and ‘Billy Goats Gruff’, are good examples of stories about overcoming evil.Goodwin also makes the point that ‘values, beliefs and practices are passed on’ through traditional stories, helping children ‘become part of history’ and understand ‘how and why things come to them’ (Goodwin, 2008). Familiarity with well-known literature may allow children to ex plore how stories work. Patterns start to emerge in traditional literature; usually following an introduction, events, problems, resolution style. This could be highly beneficial when children come to write (or tell) their own stories. Other types of books, which help children engage with literature, are factual books.â€Å"Factual books, linking in with other areas of their work, help to extend their (children’s) experiences and knowledge (Hobart & Frankel, 2005:88). For the other part of this module we were tasked with writing a children’s book, using strategies we had studied that help children become literate. I took a non-fiction/fiction approach to my own book, using facts about different animals and their respective habitats, combined with a fictional plot, involving space ships and giant animals. This may result in the child engaging with the ‘story’ and the colourful pictures as well as learning actual facts about the animals involved.â€Å" Probably no other aspect of reading instruction is more discussed, more hotly debated, and less understood than phonics† (Strickland, 1998:5). What is phonics? The American National Reading Panel describes synthetic phonics as; â€Å"Those that emphasise teaching students to ‘convert letters (graphemes) into sounds (phonemes)’ and then to ‘blend’ the sounds to form ‘recognisable words’. Analytic phonics, on the other hand is taken to refer to larger unit phonics programmes, that introduce children to whole words before teaching them to analyse these into their component parts, and emphasise the larger sub-parts of words (i. e., onsets, rimes, phonogrammes and spelling patterns) as well as phonemes† (Wyse & Styles, 2007:35).â€Å"A review of the teaching of early reading in England commissioned by the UK Government recommended that synthetic phonics should be the preferred approach for young English learners. In response, all E nglish schools have been told to put in place a discrete synthetic phonics programme as the key means for teaching high-quality phonic work† (Wyse & Goswami, 2008:691). In 2006, Jim Rose, the Secretary of State for Education for England, produced his report recommending that synthetic phonics must be included in early reading instruction.This decision caused uproar among academics and professionals, as evidence has shown that the Rose Report’s recommendation for synthetic phonics contradicts a large body of evidence over the last 30 years (Wyse & Styles, 2007). The Clackmannanshire studies are a perfect example of this contradiction. In 2004 research into synthetic phonics was carried out in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It was promoted a great deal by the media, which resulted in a recommendation by England’s Education Select Committee that there should be an enquiry into the teaching of reading through synthetic phonics.  (Wyse & Styles, 2007).Howev er, a spokesperson from the Clackmannanshire study stress that the report was not intended to initiate synthetic phonics ‘taking over’ reading strategies, but to show the advantages of using it alongside other established literacy strategies (Johnson & Watson, 2005). One of Synthetic phonics’ critics, Margret Meek, suggested that phonics is ‘highly inefficient’, ‘full of traps’ and ‘does not account for the individual learner’.She also highlights the idea that without enjoyment, emotion and engagement, reading will seem ‘insignificant’ to a child, and separating this could lead to children seeing reading as a task, rather than a lifelong skill (Meek, 1982:75/76). â€Å"Reading is about reading comprehension and not ‘barking out words’ (Edessa, 2011:11)†. Evidence here highlights the need for a broader literacy strategy spectrum, not just one system designed for all, as a lone focus on a s ingle strategy could cause a child to lose focus in his/her studies.Waterland was critical of phonics, saying reading could only be learned by children working together with competent readers using what she coined the ‘apprenticeship approach’ (Waterland, 1985) The ‘immersion in literacy’ or ‘top down approach’ is a strategy that has been used in the past to teach reading and writing to children, and is a child centered approach which does not emphasize skill (Cohen & Cowen, 2007). The top down approach typically starts with children sitting with a parent, older sibling, carer or caretaker reading a book together.In this setting children will learn not only about reading, but also about print and language. They also learn reading is easy, enjoyable and fun. It allows the child to ‘read’ and understand the meaning without decoding every word in the story (Cohen & Cowen, 2007). Hinkel Writes â€Å"The top down processing inv olved contextual factors such as sociocultural knowledge and task assessment of producing or interpreting the discourse of the task† (Hinkel, 2005:733). This suggests that a learner engaging with a top down approach may draw on other areas of knowledge, not specifically limited to the topic.This may lead to a more holistic development of a literacy beginner. Vygotsky describes each school experience as a ‘complex cultural activity’ (Vygostsky, 1978:11), It has been discussed that the bringing together of synthetic phonics and top down approaches would be a superior method of introducing children to the complex cognitive process of successful reading. I believe that combining the top down and bottom up (phonics) approaches needs of all students would be met, and could also lead to a future with reading and enjoying text, rather than merely reciting meaningless words.It may also benefit teachers, as teachers that are given freedom to promote literature and reading i n the classroom could create interest in reading and literacy, instead of merely reading instructions from flashcards. This, in turn, may increase the quality of education in that respective classroom. Cohen & Cowen talk about ‘the balanced approach’; â€Å"The balanced approach allows teachers to literally take advantages from both the top-down and bottom-up approaches to meet the needs of all students† (Cohen & Cowan, 2007:60).In this essay I have highlighted the diverse, child-centered approaches designed to help children learn to read and write; Picture books, with their vivid illustrations creating meaning and exploration of early literacy. Rhyming and repeating texts, allowing children to draw meaning and reinforce words. Traditional books, with their classic story forms and characters, allow children to understand how stories are formed, which may help when they come to write their own.Evidence suggests that a take over of synthetic phonics may not be the best option, as I feel it gives children a one-dimensional view of literacy. I feel, combing the two approaches to create a curriculum that focuses on integrating the ‘sounding out’ phonic approach with the whole book, ‘real book’, comprehensive approach, will create a stronger bond with phonemic awareness and lingual fluency in children. This could promote literacy being part of a more cultural experience, and in turn may increase literacy levels across our nation.

Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student

EMatthew Aqui Econ 131-Online Steve Moody 2 November 2012 Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student Scarcity and opportunity cost is something that the entire human population faces every day. Without scarcity, opportunity cost would cease to exist and the choices that people will have to make will always be easy because there would be no hard decisions or trade-offs. It is something that impacts society today because the choices that people make will be based on what they need or want.Whatever they choose to do, they will sacrifice an opportunity cost. Human needs will always be unlimited but the resources needed to meet those needs will always remain limited. But what exactly is scarcity and opportunity cost? First off, scarcity is an economical problem in which people who will always have unlimited wants and needs, will also face a limited amount of resources. Scarcity is something connected to all economical decisions because it is a worldwide problem. People have to make hard choices to decide what to receive and what to discard.This is where opportunity cost comes in. Opportunity cost is the next best choice that he or she decides not to do because of a better choice. It is something that people give up to get something else that they want even more. From what can be said of scarcity and opportunity cost, both fit in very well together. Scarcity forces people to make tough decisions on limited resources which lead to opportunity cost. Decision making will always be hard when people cannot always have what they want.Because resources are scarce, people will most likely choose the thing in which they need more. For example, if the price of a PC and a flat-screen HD TV were both on sales, people would have a choice of buying either one. If a person has enough money for only one, that person has to make a tough decision. If he or she chooses to buy the PC because it was the better alternative due to productivity and daily applications, then the opportu nity cost of buying the PC is to not receive the TV and lose the chance to buy the TV at a lower price.In addition, my personal application of scarcity and opportunity cost is something I can relate to especially as a student in college. College is very expensive especially with the cost rising. But I choose to go to college because of the benefits it provides for me for the future such as receiving a college degree to find a job. My other choice is to not go to school but to start working already. I can save up on money I do not have at the moment and use it to either live off of or save up for college later on. I could also choose to go to school and to work.The benefits are really great by getting an education and to also have an income. The costs to it is that I have to sacrifice other things such as having a recreational time with friends and family in order to make time for both school and work. At this point, I choose to go to school because I feel that getting an education e arly and going into the work force as soon as possible is my best option. If I were to work now and not go to school, I would have to wait before I can get my degree and wait even longer before I can find a job in my major.I feel that by only going to school, I will have more time to study which will benefit me even more by doing well in school. I would have less things to worry about. Scarcity is something that everyone is going to face in their lives whether it’s important or recreational. Sometimes we have to sacrifice certain things to gain the most out of something. We cannot always have everything that we want so we use the concept of an opportunity cost to help us decide which choice is the better one. One way to narrow down our opportunity cost to look at the things we want and the things that we need now.

About informal sector

About informal sector CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT The informal sector makes a considerable contribution to production, consumption and income generation, particularly in developing countries. For example, it contributed about 8 percent and 68 percent to the GDP of the United States and Bolivia respectively in the years 2002 – 2003 (Schneider 2005). The sector is also a source of sustenance for the majority of the poor, unskilled and socially marginalized population, especially women. Moreover, it is a vital way of survival in an economy that suffers from deficient social safety programmers and unemployment insurance. In developing countries the informal sector not only contributes significantly to the national output but it also serves as a source of employment for most of the unskilled population (Becker 2004). According to the estimations of the World Bank (2003) in the period from 1980 to 1990, the informal sector contributed on average 40 percent of the GNP and 50 percent of the employment in developing countries. In India, the informal sector accounts for 62 percent of the GNP, 50 percent of the gross national savings and 40 percent of the national exports and absorbs 83 percent of workforce (ILO 2002). The contribution of the informal sector also tends to increase in many countries. On average, the informal sector contributed about 41 percent of the official GDP in 1999 – 2000, and increased to 43 percent in 2002 – 2003. For example in Colombia it increased from 39.1 percent in 1999 – 2000 to 43.4 percent in 2002 – 2003; in Moldova from about 45 percent to 49 percent; in Botswana from 33.4 percent to 34.6 percent and in South Africa from 28.4 percent to 29.5 percent (Schneider 2005). However, different methods of measurement were applied depending on the specific definition of the informal sector. This complicates any comparison. In Africa the informal sector is mostly composed of street vendors, retailers and in rare cas es wholesalers who trade in products such as food, clothes and electronic appliances. The manufacturing and services only account for a small share of the sector (UN 1996). For instance in countries like, Angola, Botswana and Uganda, the informal sector is dominated by the retail sector. ILO (2002) demonstrates that in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the majority of informal workers are self-employed and it makes up 70 percent of the total informal labor force and the remainder are hired employees. However, street vendors are much more common on the continent and according to Charmes (1998) they account for about 80 percent of the entire sector in Benin. In recent decades there has been greater interest in getting consensus on the definition of the informal sector as well as on the measurement. It is important to have a clear understanding of its impact and contribution to the economic growth and the welfare of the society of low income countries. Therefore, most governments in developing countries took positive steps to measure the size of the sector to ensure that it is integrated as an engine of growth and development. This is important to make policies in order to support the informal sector in a sustainable manner (Tokman 2001). The informal sector in Mozambique involves wholesalers and retailers, selling a broad range of food and non food products that are consumed not only by low income, but also medium income households (Dana & Galbraith 2006). The sector employs the majority of the labor force due to a lack of financial incentives to participate in formal activities, labor laws and complexities in the implementations of regulations. Approximately 77 percent of the labor force was involved in the informal activities in 2005 (INE 2006). Additionally, this sector accounts for 20 to 50 percent of the country’s GDP. The above mentioned factors clearly demonstrate that this sector requires legal empowerment as support for its stakeholders and enterprises (Weber, Michael & David 1992). Although the government of Mozambique designed a strategy to attract foreign investment to support and develop the linkages between the informal and formal sectors of the economy, this is not sufficient.

The Founding Fathers Suspicion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Founding Fathers Suspicion - Essay Example During the 1700’s and 1800’s, people’s revolution was inherent and countries like the United States and France achieved their country’s liberties through these revolutions. But the transition of a revolutionary government to a more stable type of government also created certain fears to its founding leaders. Madison then feared at that time that since most of the masses were uneducated, a rule of the majority would turn into a â€Å"mob† rule with the majority abusing the rights of minority groups (Bardes et al., 2008, p. 7). Hence, the framers chose a democratic republic type of government, where sovereignty in the people as a whole as represented by their delegates. The greatest fear of every country is the abuse of authority and the corruption that their government may do to their people. One of the founding fathers Alexander Milton feared the elitist theory of choosing a few or small number of people â€Å"who exercise power to further their se lf interest (Bardes et al., 2008 p. 9). ... Madison [1803]) and prevent them from any form of abuse in their power and discretion. Framers of the Constitution have been aware of this possible abuse of authority that the government may have, and even if not specifically provided in the U.S. Constitution, debates at the Constitutional Convention justifies further this power, with Madison strengthening the judiciary saying that "A law violating a constitution established by the people themselves, would be considered by the Judges as null & void." (as cited in Ferrand,1911, p. 93). The framers where well aware of the possible corruption that even a democratic type of government may experience and even in our modern times, the same issue is relevant. La Porta et al. said that â€Å"the executive and the legislature may enact policies and pass laws that benefit themselves, democratic majorities, or allied interest groups † (as cited in Cordis, 2008, p. 380) Through this power of judicial review, the judiciary that is consider ed as apolitical is removed with doubts of possible â€Å"majotarian politics† influence that would restrict them to adopt measures that infringe on the basic rights of some, in order to follow the initial agreements that legislator or other elected official may have taken from their constituent in exchange for their votes (Hirschl, 2004, p. 4) Another important aspect that may be noticed in the United States Constitution is how the framers provided and made sure that each state had their own rights protected and independent from the federal government. The Tenth Amendment provides independence and power to the states for all other powers not specifically granted to the federal government. Through this, states may provide for

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility to employees Assignment

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility to employees and employing organizations - Assignment Example Human beings are the most important asset of any organization. They are equally important to any other component of an organization. The mishandling of this important asset could lead to disastrous situations.Thus HRM section of a company plays an important role in its development and survival of any company. The objectives of management are to use the HR in such a way that they could become most useful. It is the responsibility of HRM to chalk out such strategies that may be useful for employees as well as for organization.The main areas to focus should be; collective bargaining at enterprise level, flexibility in relation to various forms of employment as well as in relation to working time and job functions. Close look at heightened competition, rapid changes in products and processes and the increasing importance of skills, quality and productivity. These factors have also had an impact on HRM policies and practices. In managing change, the key elements include employee involveme nt in effecting change, greater customer orientation, and ensuring that the skills of employees are appropriate to the production of goods and the provision of services acceptable to the global market. As such, managing people in a way so as to motivate them to be productive is one important objective of HRM.While in academic institutions HRM scholars emphasize the strategic role of HRM and define a new role for managing the employment relationship including: new organizational designs, flexible work arrangements, and the development of social partnerships. A theoretical development, that involves the central doctrine of HRM, is the integration of strategic management, organizational reforms. All these strategies lead a prospering business achievements and utter satisfaction of the stakeholders. People work best when supported by the framework that effective management can provide. Managers of human resources in businesses today face a rapidly changing world regarding such issues as changing workforce demographics, diversity, labor shortages, balancing family and work, rapidly changing technology, global competition, growing education and training requirements, as well as equal employment concerns. In addition, stereotypes can be found to exist even among the least prejudiced people yet it is especially important that businesses not let those thoughts impair the ability to manage others effectively. All the above have a definite effect on human resource management. Staffing, training, and development comprise the primary human resource management functions. What is flexibility Flexibility can be defined as the quality of person, group of people or firm to respond to changes. Flexibility can be defined differently in an organization 's perspective. It may encompass few aspects of the organization. HRM is one of the important aspects of the organization that requires flexibility. Innovative and flexible human resource (HR) practices can boost performance and competitiveness of an organization. It has been found out by various researchers that flexibility is one of the most important factors of an organization that contributes to successful business management activities and innovation. Importance and advantages of Flexibility Flexibility is quite important and necessary for a dynamic organization. It provides variety of opportunities and reduces various constrain that could have been faced due to rigidity. Some of the major advantages highlighting the importance of flexibility in HRM are briefly described here

Interpretation of the picture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpretation of the picture - Assignment Example If viewed from another perspective, the green background can represent the humanity during the era of least civilization. However, as the picture extends further, there is a bright light in form of an ocean that opens up into a bright background. Therefore, this bright background can be compared to how civilization has changed the world into a better place. In this regard, the picture teaches humanity the importance of civilization because the character holding the arrow and the bow are wearing a dark-brown outfit that can be linked to the clothing of humanity before civilization. As such, the picture teaches a man to appreciate civilization because it has made life bright like the bright watery background. On the other hand, the picture shows the tremendous developments that man has gone through since the onset of civilization because the two backgrounds compare the bleak and dull lived in the olden days to the modern bright and exciting life that is also enjoyable and fun. The assu mption on the differences in life existing in the dark-green and the bright backgrounds is also indicated by the facial expression of the character. Although he may give an impression of a relaxed hunter, his overall expression is that of a dull person with no other things cheer him up except for the hunting. Therefore, from the picture, mankind can learn to appreciate civilization that has brought liveliness, brightness as opposed to the dark days when a man only co-existed with the wild animals and only found fun hunting in the bush.

Should workers have the right to strike, and should this right be Essay

Should workers have the right to strike, and should this right be restricted in particular contexts or for particular groups of - Essay Example However, if companies adopt a stakeholder model of corporate governance, the need to strike might be averted. The stakeholder model of corporate governance becomes relevant in the issue of a strike because the structure of the philosophy of governance, when geared towards a shareholder model becomes a microcosm example of survival of the fittest. Each member of a shareholder model is serving his or her own interests because the overall corporate culture is geared towards only protecting the interests of the owners at the expense of all other considerations. Improvements in employment conditions do not occur unless they are of a benefit to the shareholder’s interests. Layoffs and terminations are made liberally with high levels of turnover when the interests of all parties are usurped by an upward flow of actions that are geared solely towards the owners. In a stakeholder model of corporate governance, all parties, including the employees, are taken into consideration when maki ng the decisions that affect the company. Everyone’s concerns and needs are addressed, and most are met, in order for all to receive the benefits of the interests of the company. The Right to Strike The U.K. ... While the Constitution has since been signed, the issues were important enough that it delayed the U.K. in agreeing to all the terms within the document. Part of the regulations that define the right to work in the UK are structures on how a strike must be approached and voted upon. Although, as pointed out by Mr. Hendy during a debate in Parliament in 2009, all governments have restrictions on the right to strike, the British government has set up structures that limit those rights to a point that the international community has voiced objections that have had to be addressed (Great Britain and Dismore 2009, p. 25). Therefore, the debate over the right to strike has been an ongoing issues within the U.K. However, the right to strike extends beyond the laws that currently and previously structured the rights of the employee to protest his or her conditions within the work place. The right to strike is the right to help define how a social group, that group defined by the workers, has the ability to designate boundaries under which they will allow themselves to be used for the purposes of commerce. The right to strike is a legal concept, but it is also a human rights concept that must be considered when there are problems within the work place that are impeding the basic human condition. According to Amnesty International (2010) the right to strike is a human’s right’s issue that can be held as a standard in regard to the level of human rights that are available within a nation. When a country cannot afford its workers the rights to organize and protest conditions that are not conducive to the welfare of their lives. Issues such as fair wages and worker safety can create problems that must be

Global Trade And The Opec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Global Trade And The Opec - Essay Example World spare capacity fell below 1.5 mbd - the biggest since 1976. Looking ahead, crude oil will probably stay as a primary source of energy in and beyond the next three decades necessitating large upfront investments. Likewise, traditional non-OPEC production is expected to reach its zenith in 2010 due to depletion of current fields and net declines in proven reserves. As such, a substantial quantity of the incremental capacity will have to come from OPEC which today controls around 80% of proven oil reserves. OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a stable inter-governmental association composed presently of eleven oil generating and exporting nations from across three continents (America, Asia and Africa). The member countries are Algeria, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates & Venezuela. These nations have an aggregate population of about 545 million and oil is the most important commodity and foreign exchange earner. Therefore, for these countries, oil is the chief element for development - social, political and economic. The income derived from oil is used not only to spread out and inflate their economic and industrial base, it is also utilized to provide their people with jobs, education, health care and a decent standard of living. Primary objectives of the organization include: * the synchronization and bringing together of petroleum policies of member countries and ascertaining the most logical means for protecting their individual and collective interests; *the search for judicious methods to guarantee the stabilization of prices in global oil markets with the view to reduce and eventually do away with destructive and unnecessary fluctuations; and *the need to give an efficient economic and consistent supply of petroleum to consuming countries and a reasonable return of investment to those infusing capital in the petroleum industry. OPEC sets oil production quotas. For one, its Statute requires that it pursues stability and harmony in the petroleum market for the benefit of oil producers and consumers. In response to this, member countries take action on market fundamentals and forecast developments by organizing well and managing prudently their petroleum policies. One simple and probable response is production regulation. If demand increases, or some producers are producing less than what it is expected of them, OPEC can increase its oil production so as to prevent a drastic change/rise in prices. OPEC can also slow down on its production in response to market conditions. Does OPEC control the oil market or does it have the capacity to control the market and influence oil prices Member countries produce about 43% of the world's crude oil and 18% of its natural gas. However, in addition to that, OPEC's oil exports also represent about 51% of the crude oil traded worldwide. Hence, OPEC has a strong influence on the oil market, especially if it decides to reduce or increase its level of production. Crude Oil and Gasoline Prices Several significant components trigger and eventually cause the retail price of gasoline to change over different periods of time. First, price of gasoline strongly

Economic Effects of Birth Control Technology in China Essay

Economic Effects of Birth Control Technology in China - Essay Example This essay discusses the topic of population explosion that has been one of the main concerns in developing countries, such as China and India. Traditional values, ignorance of birth control technology, and labor intensive farming all play a role in population explosion. After the realization that the continued population growth will have a drastic impact on economic and social systems, many developing countries have adopted population control policies. Today, China is a country with the largest population in the world. Though China has a huge population, it has a weak economic foundation with inadequate per-capita resources. In fact, China is facing many contradictions and problems of economic and social development that are closely associated with the issue of population. The researcher discusses several initiatives taken by Chinese governmen to control population. In conclusion, the researcher mentiones that this is not only good for accelerating rural economic development, increa sing peasants' income, and improving their living standard, but it can also make them realize from their immediate interests the benefit of having less children, gradually changing their attitudes towards fertility, increasing their awareness and enthusiasm for carrying out family planning. An abundant labour supply, combined with relatively small shares of younger and older dependents, not only helped to make China become the world’s factory in the 21st century, but also contributed to increasing the standard of living.

My Life, My Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Life, My Religion - Essay Example The Bible or the hymn book was my only choices so I choose the storybook. My parents decided to allow me to read, I suppose because it kept me from sleeping or fidgeting. My interest in this very long and difficult to comprehend book grew over time as did the time invested in exploring it. I began reading at home during episodes of boredom. This experience during my early teen years changed my outlook and shaped my philosophy of life. As I read, what I thought was important became rather meaningless. I began to develop a much different set of values than my friends, neighbors, and family. What fascinated me the most were the first four books of the New Testament. I found the words of Christ simple, to the point and ultimately a path to inner contentment. The Bible gave me the foundation of what I have built upon since my youth. Since then, I have read other philosophical and religious books and found they do not contradict, in fact, they support the tenets found in the Bible. Though the roots of my viewpoint begin with the Bible, I do not consider myself Christian, far from it. Most religions I know including and especially Christianity teach that ‘we are the right path to God’ therefore no other belief system is valid. My interpretation of Christ’s words leads me to believe the division is ultimately destructive for the individual and society. Rather, I concluded that inclusion and finding the similarities help bind us all together. The words of Christ allowed me to develop a new viewpoint which teaches the path to real happiness. In my case, this involves thinking in ways that bolster my self-respect, what makes me proud of me. Others, of course, have different views on what makes them happy such as ‘if I make more money, I’d be higher on the social ladder’ or ‘if I had more control over my life, I’d be happy then.’Â  

The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature Essay Example for Free

The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature Essay Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler, following the split of Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf later established Puma, which was the early rival of Adidas. Registered in 1949, Adidas is currently based in Herzogenaurach, Germany. Puma is also based in Herzogenaurach. The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the same motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo.The company revenue for 2012 was listed at â‚ ¬14.48 billion. History Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik Christoph Von Wilhelm Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, while his wife Pauline ran a small laundry in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach, 20 km (12. 4 mi) from the city of Nuremberg. After leaving school, their son, Rudolf Rudi Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World War I, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, and later in a leather wholesale business in Nuremberg. Adolf Adi Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mothers wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria after his return from World War I. In July 1924, his brother Rudolf returned to Herzogenaurach to join his younger brothers business, which became Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory) and prospered. The pair started the venture in their mothers laundry,[6]:5 but, at the time, electricity supplies in the town were unreliable, and the brothers sometimes had to use pedal power from a stationary bicycle to run their equipment. By the 1936 Summer Olympics, Adi Dassler drove from Bavaria on one of the worlds first motorways to the Olympic village with a suitcase full of spikes and persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use them, the first sponsorship for an African American. Following Owenss haul of four gold medals, his success cemented the good reputation of Dassler shoes among the worlds most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the brothers desks, and the trainers of other national teams were all interested in their shoes. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes each year before World War II. World War II and company split Both brothers joined the Nazi Party, but Rudolf was slightly closer to the party than Adolf. During the war, a growing rift between the pair reached a breaking point after an Allied bomb attack in 1943, when Adi and his wife climbed into a bomb shelter that Rudolf and his family were already in: The dirty bastards are back again, Adi said, referring to the Allied war planes, but Rudolf was convinced his brother meant him and his family.[9] After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, he was convinced that his brother had turned him in. The Dassler factory, used for production of anti-tank weapons during the war, was nearly destroyed by US forces in April 1945, but was spared when Adi Dasslers wife, Kà ¤the, convinced the GIs that the company and its employees were only interested in manufacturing sports shoes. American occupying forces subsequently became major buyers of the Dassler brothers shoes. The brothers split up in 1947, with Rudi forming a new firm that he called Ruda – from Rudolf Dassler, later rebranded Puma, and Adi forming a company formally registered as Adidas AG from Adi Dassler on 18 August 1949. Although it is popularly claimed that the name is an acronym for All Day I Dream About Soccer, that phrase is a backronym; the name is actually a portmanteau formed from Adi (a nickname for Adolf) and Das (from Dassler). Early years and rivalry with Puma Puma and Adidas entered a fierce and bitter rivalry after the split. The town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, leading to the nickname the town of bent necks—people looked down to see which shoes strangers wore. Even the towns two football clubs were divided: ASV Herzogenaurach club supported Adidas, while 1 FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolfs footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolfs home, they would deliberately wear Adidas shoes. Rudolf would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Pumas.The two brothers never reconciled, and although both are buried in the same cemetery, they are spaced apart as far as possible.[citation needed] In 1948, the first football match after World War II, several members of the West German national football team wore Puma boots, including the scorer of West Germanys first post-war goal, Herbert Burdenski. Four years later, at the 1952 Summer Olympics, 1500 metres runner Josy Barthel of Luxembourg won Pumas first Olympic gold in Helsinki, Finland. The original Adidas logo until 1997, it is now used on Adidas Originals At the 1960 Summer Olympics Puma paid German sprinter Armin Hary to wear Pumas in the 100 metre sprint final. Hary had worn Adidas before and asked Adolf for payment, but Adidas rejected this request. The German won gold in Pumas, but then laced up Adidas for the medals ceremony, to the shock of the two Dassler brothers. Hary hoped to cash in from both, but Adi was so enraged he banned the Olympic champion.

Treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles Essay As solders on the battlefields celebrated, families reunited, and the unlucky ones mourned, the war was finally over, as of 11 o clock on the morning of November 11th in 1918 (Vaughan, 1-2). The solders that survived came home, and the unlucky ones did not; some families united, and other families mourned for their loved ones. Everybody started celebrating the end of the first major war, where so many young lives were lost; so many people were permanently scarred for life or suffered horrible war-injuries (Vaughan, 1-2). The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty formed at the end of World War I, which many historians say caused the next major war, WWII. The reason for this, they say, is because of too many harsh laws included in the treaty, which put the full blame of Germany. Germany was blamed, because they lost the war, and so every other country used them as easy scapegoat, for all of the damage and loss of lives that had just happened. Of course as the scapegoat, Germany was forced and had to pay huge amounts of reparation fees and had to give up most of their land for no real apparent reason (Vaughan, 1-2). All of these heavy burdens and mistakes were just being thrown on the Germans and their nation for no other reason than the fact that they had lost the war. Germany did not even start the war, at a matter of fact (abid). Two month later, after WWI, leaders gathered in Paris to make a treaty, the treaty of Versailles. This treaty like all treaties in history, was to help maintain peace and to prevent war. But in this case, it is not the same. The treaty actually encouraged war, than to prevent it (nv.cc.va.us). In a palace near Paris, France called Versailles, the new treaty was created. Named after the place it was written it, the treaty of Versailles was supposed to have a goal, which was of course to maintain the peace for as long as possible, like all treaties ever made. But which of course, less than twenty years went by, until the whole world experienced the biggest and deadliest war that they had ever seen, WWII (Mayer, 3365). This deadly war, WWII, affected at least every country in the world in one way or another and  the death number was in the millions. So therefore and obliviously the treaty did not do a very good (Vaughan, 1-2). The leaders who met to sign the treaty were known to the world as the Big Four, basically because the fate of Germany was put into their hands, and later the fate of WWII. This Big Four included these popular leaders: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), the president of the United States at the time, David Lloyd George (1863-1945), who was the prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), who was the premier of France), and finally, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1952), the premier of France. Another name, which was not with or in the Big Four was Ulrich Von Brockdoff-Rantzau (1869-1928), and he was the leader of delegation; foreign minister who was given the treaty on behalf of Germany. He was the person who had to accept the terms or Germany would be completely annihilated (learn.co.uk). Many historians ask if the four leaders or idealists were, in definite seeking a just and lasting peace, or were they more concerned with vengeance and assurances of national security (Vaughan, 1-2)? The historians that said this quote thought that the leaders only were concerned with vengeances, and not assurances of national security, which they probably were. Many people say that the leaders were not trying to punish Germany for the cause of war, because everyone already knew that Germany in fact did not cause it, but actually were trying to help themselves to free German land and their money. Nobody really knows what were going in the minds of the Big Four, except for them, but everyone does know that whatever it was, it caused a great deal of tensions and, between Germany and the rest of Europe. (abid) A great example of a person trying to get free land at the time the treaty was being made was Georges Clemenceau, the premier of France. He wanted to detach the Rhineland, and wanted to post that in the treaty, but the president of the United States at that time, Woodrow Wilson, knew what he was up to. He knew that the premier has been looking for a way to annex Saar Basin from Germany from in which rich resource would be taken from (bbc.co.uk). The one and probably the only one positive result from WWI, was the beginning of the League of Nations, formed and organized by Woodrow Wilson, of the United States. Woodrow formed this organization which supported a way for nations and leaders throughout the world, to come together and talk instead of fight. It was a way to prevent war, basically. Woodrow Wilson invited all countries to join the league instead of use arms. Unfortunately many did not join and the idea thus became weak, just like the organization (learn.co.uk). In fact the person who created it, Woodrow Wilson withdrew from his own organization. This was after some of the other leaders wanted the organization to be restricted and not welcome Germany or other weak countries. These leaders liked Woodrows idea, except they wanted it to be an exclusive organization, and did not have the same idea as Woodrow did on this. So without the U.S. or Russia, the organization became weak, until of course W.W.II, where it was brought back up again. The League of Nations was and still is today, one of mankinds attempts to find a means of abolishing war, and maintaining peace for as long as possible (learn.co.uk). The League of Nations was a way for leaders all around the world to talk about the problem at hand, instead to quickly take arms, and cause violence. Thus this is one of mankinds attempts to maintain peace and avoid violence throughout the world. This peace treaty was acclaimed as the single official document that had the most influence on shaping the events (Vaughan, 3). The events that Vaughan was talking about, was of course WWII, and the treaty was famous, or acclaimed for causing or shaping the next war. Somewhere between the first major war, and twenty years after that, the next major war, the treaty took affect. People, mostly the Germans felt betrayed and vengeful, because of the presented treaty. In those twenty years, the treaty of Versailles was ignored and not in any way enforced by anyone. The treaty basically did not have any positive value and instead only had negative affects. For example, it made all German citizens angry, and lead up to dictatorship, or Hitler. Therefore many say that the treaty caused more harm than good, if any good at all (abid). The treaty statements would have been harsh and difficult for anyone, not just Germany, to handle. The treaty was composed of exactly 440 articles, maps, and illustrations which all commanded or told Germany what to do and what to give up (lib.byu). The list of the changes was long and harsh. The Big Four were busy making changes and playing with Germanys eastern borders, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and the Rhineland (Mayer, 3365). All of these were either taken away from Germany, or were affected in some way by the terms of the treaty, as stated in Articles 27-30. The four leaders did not just want reparations, which were high enough, but even wanted to punish their enemies by taking away their land. Some countries were annexed away completely, and others were taken away from only in some parts, and all of the annexed areas were distributed among the countries that won. Ports, waterways, and even railways, all of which were German property, in the beginning, were now divided equally (Mayer, 3365). Also, the treaty talks about reducing Germanys military, naval and Germanys air-force (Articles 159 through 213), but of course since the treaty was never enforced, Hitler, who comes into play much later, does not even pay much attention to these rules (momo.essortment). On September 14, 1930, the new Nazi party was elected, and whenever Hitler, the ruler or dictator of the party, broke a rule stated in the treaty, the Germany people liked Hitler even more, because they despised the treaty. So thus everyone encouraged Hitler to build up his army, airplanes, and submarines (momo.essortment). How did Hitler come into power, and cause the deaths of billions around the world, ask historians. Or more important, how did this the treaty of Versailles affect Hitler or make him popular with the people? Well, the money was a big problem. The leaders made Germany deeply into debt, with their high-reparation fees. This of course would lead Germanys economy to  be dangerously low (Cecil, 20). The German money value decreased and the affect of that made many go into poverty. Many were asking why pay so much, even if their country did not start the war. Many lost jobs or committed suicides even, because problems were so bad (abid). So that is why the people hated the treaty of Versailles so much, especially since the treaty told them that money was not enough, and Germany had to give away their land, for free. This treaty caused not only bitterness at first, but made Europe grow a continued tension [that lasted] for the next two decades (Vaughan, 2) The treaty caused these tensions which builded and grew larger in the people, which resulted in a huge war, WWII. The people grew hatred, and did not know who to blame for all of this. Their hatred and anger turned on their government, which currently was the Weimar Republic (bbc. co.uk). During the time period of 1919 and 1923, the uprisings and trouble grew larger. Many revolutions and protests happened in the streets, all against their government. Groups like the communists, and others, like the right-wing nationalists tried to take advantage of this opportunity, by trying to overthrow the government and rule it for themselves [Everyone] blamed the government for accepting the treaty and tried to overthrow [them] (bbc.co.uk). The people or citizens did not know who to blame for the punishment that was put on them for no reason, so the people turned on their own government, and blamed them. At this time, where these uprisings were happening, a person by the name of Adolf Hitler was currently working as a spy at several anti-Semitic groups, in 1919. After fighting in WWI and suffering from poison gas, he was looking for some extra money and a temporary job from the German army, so he went and spied on these groups. Only two years later though, in 1921, his interest grew; he joined the party and soon became their leader (bbc.co.uk). As leader, Hitler tried to get as many people to join his party, as possible. He did things like change the name of the party, which included words like socialists, and nationalists so that the name would attract more people. Also he spoke to mass-audiences, and made speeches on how he would revive Germanys respect, and rule Germanys empire for more than 1,000  years (abid). Eventually, he got elected into power with the help of a friend, Paul von Hindenburg. But after he died, Hitler took the chance and became the new consensus successor or dictator. He had obtained full control over the country. After taking care of some business and eliminating those who opposed him (other parties and government institutions), he put Mein Kampf, his first plan, into full affect. This plan, was world domination and Hitler outlined this to his army generals, on November, 1937 (remember). Hitler did not just want to conquer more lands or get back the land stolen from them, but from his anti-Semitic values that he learned while working as a spy, he created dozens of death camps wherever his empire expanded to. Millions of people send to these death traps to die, and the only reason that they were sent to die was because they were considered inferior. Inferior, meaning a different religion, race, etc. (remember). Jews, homosexuals, and even the mentally handicapped were all targeted, considered to be inferior in the eyes of the racist Nazis, were all killed because of who they were, and for no other reason than that(abid). So in conclusion, did the so called peace treaty help in maintaining peace or bringing about conditions that helped Adolph Hitler rise to power to get revenge. German citizens thought that that all the stuff that Hitler was doing such as expanding Germany and killing millions was just or right; was just a common reaction from the many harsh laws inside the treaty. The people never thought that Hitler was too out of line, because they might have been too vengeful themselves or didnt have anything else on their mind, except hatred. Of course, not until the end of WWII, did everyone find the death camps, and what Hitler was really doing behind their backs. Adolph Hitler opposed the treaty while he was in power, and was supported by the Germans for so long, because of that, say historians (remember). For instance, every time he broke a law from the treaty, such as increasing his army, or expanding his borders, he would became more popular with his own people. Hitler played a significant role in causing World War II, less than twenty years later the terms of the treaty were written (abid). The person who wrote this quote told an obvious fact, Hitler did not jut play a significant role in the war, he basically caused the entire war himself. The  treaty of Versailles had ended WWI, in which millions of people, mostly young, fought and died in the belief that they were defending their homelands, their families, and their people, would soon cause another deadly war, this war even more deadlier than before. Millions of young lives and fellow citizens believed in slogans that yelled to them. Loud slogans on posters and bulletins yelled and predicted WWI to be, the war to end all wars, or the war to make the world safe for democracy (nv.cc.va.us). WWI was named these two things at the time, probably to enlist more and more people, but which of course both did not come true. WWI was not the war to end all wars, nor was it, the war that made it s afe for democracy.

Types of Threats and Prevention in Networking

Types of Threats and Prevention in Networking TASK 4 TASK4 (1) Major types of threats There are heap of threat in the networking or which can be the internal and external. Here I will explain both these threats below; Internal Threat: USB devices: The biggest reason of internal threat is USB devices; according to one of the survey over 35% organizations believe that these devices were actually used for stealing or compromising the important information. Missing of security agent: Each organization has to install some agents on their endpoints. The work of these agents is to monitor the network traffic and various other things. If these agents are out of date then our data is not secure. (cook, 2007) External threat: Peer to peer sharing: These programs are also responsible for stealing the data to the network. Similarly with the peer to peer program, we can connect one device to another device and can check whole the data of another computer Device on the loose: One of the other reasons might be the when we lose our thing. If all the information is in that device so anybody who found the device can stole the data easily. Malware: This may also be the reason of external threat. As we probably know that malware comes from internet from some bad sites, therefore if malware enter in our device, then in some way they access or device. TASK 4 (B) Network security attacks Network security attack: These are few codes that can damage our codes as well steal the data as well. Some of the network threat is characterized below:- DoS: Its also known as denial of service assault. Basically form the name it is clear that it assault our system. Teardrop attack, Exploit limitations in the TCP/IP protocols are few of the DoS attacks. We can utilize programming to dispose of these DoS. DDos: Distributed Denial of Service attack is an attempt to make the service unavailable by huge with traffic. It overwhelming it from so many sources. It always targets the essential resources from various important sites. Unauthorized access: Unauthorized access means it access the network or without any permission. That unauthorized person can steal or delete the data. In addition to that he can also misuse the information. Thats why we have to increase the security. Data theft and loss: Data theft is basic process of stealing the data. The stealing can be from the system or from the server where it is stored. To happening this we have to increase the security. Physical attack: Physical attack is in any physical form where the information can be damage. For instance, any natural climates such as earthquake, flood or anything else. In addition to this it also cover any physical harm cause by the mankind like whether the server is destroyed or something else. TASK 5 TASK 5- Network threat mitigation techniques Firewall: Firewall is a network security system. It acts as a barrier between networks. It stops the virus to enter in our device. So we can say that its a better way to secure our data. It only gives access to authorized sites. The standard specification of a firewall is listed below:- Anti-spam Anti-virus Anti-spoofing Anti-phishing Anti-spyware Denial of service protection The other categories is end user control feature User based filtering Individual spam scoring Personal allow and block list Simplified and centralized administration Multilingual user interface Barracuda energizes update Logs and graphic report No per user charges Multiple domain (Barracuda Spam Virus Firewall) IDPS (Intrusion detection and prevention): It main work is to analyze the traffic for suspicious type of activities. Whenever there is something unexpected it gives sign to the network administrator which can move to end The standard specification of IDP is listed below:- Frequency Required 50/60 Hz INTERFACE PROVIDED Type Network host Interface Ethernet 10Base-T/100Base-TX/1000Base-T Connector Type RJ-45 NETWORKING Features Diff Server support, DoS attack prevention, High Availability, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), Quality of Service (QoS), built-in hardware bypass Data Link Protocol Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet Performance Throughput: 300 Mbps RAM Installed Size (Juniper Networks IDP 250 security appliance) Anti-virus: Anti-virus is the program which detect the virus and delete it. We can remove malware, including worms, spyware and adware with the help of anti-virus. The standard specification of Anti-virus is listed below:- Stop unknown threats with artificial intelligence Layered protection with next generation technologies Symantecs global intelligence Reduce bandwidth usage Patented real time cloud Access control: This is the method which we utilize to manage the access of the user. Due to this we can create limit for the user, which is very helpful for the networking. There are two types of access control physical and logical. Standard specification The standard access controls the physical and the logical security as well. Simple to manage. Provide the best security. Physical security: Physical security is the outside security which may help to keep the networking from the outside resources. It covers some of area, and very useful. Standard specification Strong walls Strong locks CCTVs Security guard Strong password: Strong password protects our information from stealing. It can also protect our data from the hackers. A strong password contain varieties of thing like pattern, retina scan many of the things. Standard specification Pattern lock Retina scan Voice scanner Finger scanner TASK 6 TASK 6- SCENARIO In the above scenario there is discussion about the principle of information security between two companies AA and YY who are partner in the nuclear project. Before claiming anything fist we have to study the basic principle of the information. Confidentially: It basically refers to the privacy. It is design to check or save the essential data from some of the participant and other persons. Sometime in the big organizations if the data is very essential, then they provide the training to the person to make the information of confidentially stronger. More things which they add to make it more safe is to set the password. Because it will give the better security to the information. So basically if two or more organizations are working on the same project, then a one company cannot indicates the information without the agreement of the other companies. Availability: Availability is called to give every significant thing which is needed for the project. For instance, if they need any other help then its duty to provide them these help. Like if two organizations are working on the similar project and one of the companies has availability of data which second company needed then it is responsible of the company to give that data to his partner, so they can complete their task easily. Integrity: Integrity is known as to provide the correct data, if it is coming from one person to another. To make it better we can use the encryption so data may not be lost TASK 7 TASK 7- Role of cryptography in securing communication Cryptography is the term which we use to secure the data. It changes the message into an unreadable format and this message called the cipher text. Just the person who has the access to decrypt that message will able to read and understand the message. Sometime code breaking should be possible by some of the peoples. Nowadays, as all the major discussion occurs on the internet so the security of the internet communication is very important. For this reason the cryptography is used. It protects few things like credit card details and e-mails. It gives end to end encryption so if we are sending message over the internet to some person we can send it safely. TASK 8 Task 8-Major types of cryptography There are three major cryptography schemes which are explained below:- Symmetric cryptography: A symmetric cryptography is that where both sender and user utilize the similar key for the encrypting and decrypting the message. It is the quicker cryptography as compare to another one, but each party have to swap the keys for decoding the message. Asymmetric cryptography: Its called the public key cryptography. It utilizes two different keys to encrypt and decrypt the message which is known as public and private keys. Hash function: It takes the set of the keys and maps to the value of certain length. It shows the original sequence of the character, while if it is smaller than the original. Whereas, we can say that it take message as the input and provide a fix size string in the return. This string also called hash value, message digest, digital fingerprint. References Barracuda Spam Virus Firewall. (n.d.). Retrieved from firewallshop.com: http://www.firewallshop.com/barracuda/spam-firewall.aspx Cook, R. (2007, june 19). Securing the Endpoints: The 10 Most Common Internal Security Threats. Retrieved from CIO: http://www.cio.com/article/2438695/infrastructure/securing-the-endpointsthe-10-most-common-internal-security-threats.html gameboyrom. (2007, july 24). What is a LAN modem? Retrieved from DSL reports: http://www.dslreports.com/faq/1669 How to connect the word. (n.d.). Retrieved from whatlsmyIPaddress.com: http://whatismyipaddress.com/nat Juniper Networks IDP 250 security appliance. (n.d.). Retrieved from C|NET: https://www.cnet.com/products/juniper-networks-idp-250-security-appliance/specs/

Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian

Immanuel Kant's The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in "The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals" that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, "Utilitarianism" that is seemingly in contention with the thoughts of Kant. What is most distinctive about the ethics of morality is the idea of responsibilities to particular individuals. According to Kant and Mill, moral obligations are not fundamentally particularistic in this way because they are rooted in universal moral principles. Mill and Kant are both philosophers whom have made great impact on their particular fields of philosophy and a critique of their theories in relation to each other may help develop a better understanding to them and their theories individually. Mill?s utilitarianism theory is a version of the ideal judgment theory. So is Kant?s, but there are differences. Mill holds an empiricist theory while Kant holds a rationalist theory. Kant grounds morality in forms that he believes, are necessary to free and rational practical judgment, namely his deontological ethics. Mill?s utilitarian theory is a form of consequentialism because the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the consequences. Thus, deontologicalism and consequentialism are the main criticisms for both these theories. Kant?s ethics of pure duty is the basis for his categorical imperative, which provides the basis for his universalist duty based theory. Mill?s theory of utilitarianism is a primary form of consequentialism. Both deontologicalism and consequentialism are valid points of argument to the ethics of an action but they are also argumentative towards each other. Mill, in his later work, On Liberty, adds deontologicalism to correct his consequentialis t view. John Stuart Mill, who made utilitarianism the subject of one of his philosophical treatise Utilitarianism (1863), is the most proficient defender of this doctrine after Jeremy Bentham. His contribution to the theory consists in his recognition of distinctions of quality, in addition to those of intensity, among pleasu... ... will is the distinction of rational beings to all else, we may take this direction to always respecting the will of others. However, Kant cannot expect that we never act contrary to someone's will because this could not be followed in a situation where wills conflict. It might be closer to Kant's idea to interpret him as requiring persons always to respect others as capable of acting for principles, and thus ably prepared to restrain our actions towards others if they or we could not will our maxim to be universal law. Works Cited: Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1979, Original Publication, 1861 Kant Immanuel, Grounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals, Third Edition, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1993, Original Publication, 1785 Internet Sources Consulted Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"Selections from Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals.† Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (1993): 104-112. Blackboard. Web. 12 Apr. 2015. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. .

Poverty in India Essay -- Socioeconomic Concerns, Indian Government

Poverty has been a serious and a long-lasting issue in India. India is set to become a global economic power in decades to come. The hype of this booming economy causes great socio-economic concerns for this country and is being ignored by the government. This paper will argue the recent rapid increases in population, growth of cities, the burgeoning economy and government corruption in India. These factors all combine to create growing inequities in the provision of the basic needs of society; food, water, shelter, health care and education result in an increased gap between rich and poor in the country. Poverty is a condition in which a person fails to maintain a standard living adequate for a comfortable lifestyle. India has the world's largest number of deprived individuals and out of its total population, 350 to 400 million people are living below the poverty line. Nearly 75% of the poor reside in rural areas, earn daily wages, lack land and are self-employed householders. There are a numerous reasons for poverty to be existent in India. A few basic reasons of rural poverty in India are: high population growth, illiteracy and corruption. The only way to solve these issues is to eradicate these causes. Corruption and literacy are a tremendous problem in India and ranks first in the world. (Gaiha, R & Vani K., 2006) India’s birth rate has been on a steady increase over the past decades. Being an overpopulated nation there is a lack of workforce in India. Many believe the solution to this problem rests on the development of more companies or present companies creating newer jobs to employ workers. This will accommodate more opportunities for workers in India, as the unemployment rate in the country has been high in the pa... ...arily designed to help bring the poorest populations out of poverty. (Sharma, A. 2010) The recent rapid increase in population, growth of cities, the burgeoning economy and corruption in India did not combine to create a growing inequity in the provision of the basic needs of food, water, shelter, health care and education. Government corruption in a democratic nation can arise many problems. The above problems are being faced by India will take time before the governments solutions starts working. There is a possibility that new growth trend or policy change could benefit the country’s poor population and benefit from innovation and growth. To conclude, India can benefit if the nation stands together and supports each other, the government needs to build strict plans and most importantly impose hefty penalties on individuals creating a corrupt system.

Zeus Essay -- essays research papers

Zeus was the son of Cronus and Rhea, an earlier race of ruling gods called Titans. Cronus was king of all the Titans. Zeus was the brother of Hades and Poseidon, Hades was the god of the underworld and Poseidon was the god of the sea. Together they overthrew their father and the rest of the Titans. All thanks was due to Zeus for the dethrowning of Cronus. You see, before cronus ever had children he heard a prophecy that one of his offsprings would overthrow him, so whenever his wife would have a child he would swallow it. Then, after he had swallowed many babies, she gave birth to Zeus. She grew very fond of him, until Cronus called her to give him the baby so he could swallow it. She hid Zeus in a cave, and she gave Cronus a rock wrapped in cloth. he swallowed it whole just like the other babies. Over the years Zeus grew stronger and wiser. Then, when the time was right he confronted his father and kicked him in the stomach. The shock from this made Cronus vomit up the gods, which were all fully grown now. Zeus and his fellow gods overthrew Cronus and the Titans. Zeus and his brothers decided who would rule over what- Zeus...god of the heavens Poseidon...god of the sea Hades...god of the underworld All the gods shared the earth together. In all of Zeus's pictures he is depicted with a beard and muscles. He's also usually holding a lighting bolt. Zeus married Hera, whom was also his sister. He disguised...

Compare and Contrast on Abortion

ENGL 1005 Prof. Michel Schtakleff October 2, 2012 Three-quarters of a million teens between 15 and 19 become pregnant each year (Get). How as a teen would you feel confronting a parent regarding birth control? What if you did not have a parent to go get birth control with? Some adolescents do not have a good support system that would be willing to do that. Additionally, many pregnant teens feel that abortion is the only solution to their problem.With teen pregnancy being so prominent in today’s society and many teens seeking out dangerous solutions, such as abortion, young adolescent girls ages fifteen and older should be able to receive birth control from their doctor without parental consent. About 820,000 teen pregnancies occur in the United States annually. This means that thirty-four percent of young females will have at least one pregnancy before reaching the age of twenty. Eighty percent of these teen pregnancies are unintended (Statistics).A sexually active teenager no t using any contraceptive has a ninety percent chance of getting pregnant within a year (Get). These statistics will only continue to rise if teenagers under the age of eighteen are unable to receive birth control without parental consent. Teen pregnancy is a cycle, â€Å"girls born to teen parents are almost 33% more likely to become teen parents themselves, continuing the cycle of teen pregnancy (Importance). † Considering these facts, it is evident that it could all be prevented simply by allowing young girls to obtain a birth control prescription from their medical doctor. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The children born to teen mothers are at greater risk of being an indicated case of child abuse or neglect. Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: -less abortion -younger teen=abortion more likely -1/3 of pregnant teens seek an abortion Works Cited â€Å"FSU Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy. † FSU Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy. N. p. , n. d. Web . 02 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Get the Facts. † Get the Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Teen Pregnancy Statistics – Teen Pregnancy. † Teen Pregnancy Statistics – Teen Pregnancy. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: The Importance of Prevention. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Apr. 2011. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. .

General and Application Controls in Information Technology

education engineering has answered our some problems. It has made the feel of individuals, groups and organization in truth easy compargond to the former old age where engine room was something in dreams or on paper. discipline Technology is referred to the confused sophisticated and claim of the art technology like computers that jock us to manage our cablees (Senn, 2003).The most fundamental part of the stage business for usage is their huge amounts of selective information, the problem of storing them and then retrieving them for a effective purpose. Companies hold that data should never be treated as a fruitless collection of numbers, no matter how former(a) they are. They also came to an appreciation that data washbowl be used to hurl the companies the rivalrous edge they need, curiously after they became conscious ab bug out the marketing paradigm.The breeding Technology helps these companies to create, process, store, protect, transmit and retrieve d ata (Senft & Gallegos, 2008). Besides these, Information technology has helped give impetus to the globalization process. It has reduced the realism to a global village where the converse problem is no more an issue, especially after the advent of the internet. Now you ignore even make calls using the internet. only you need is a microphone and speakers to clack to anyone, at any time sitting anywhere in the world.The companies also realize that there processes (that take place deep down their organization to come up with their products) pick up become more cost effective (Senn, 2003). This has allowed business to efficiently utilize their re characters and probably the most important one (which is commonly saved at the end of the process) is the time. by technology, companies are able to enhance the prime(prenominal) of their products and processes.BACKGROUNDGeneral Control of the Information Technology aid to guarantee the consistency of the data. This means that the data being produced is showing the performance of the governing body that you have installed, and that it is producing the desired results. It ensures that the machine is working perfectly fine. You stooge then reveal upon your business process if there is an anomalousness or inconsistency in your data. You can be sure of the right data for the wrong processes.Thus you can improve upon your business processes to correct your data. General Control of Information Technology usually encompasses the environmental master (Senft & Gallegos, 2008). This means that you understand the extent of the outback(a) environment or the system beyond the boundary of your system and clearly out of your hands does shape your business in a certain way. But in what way does it affect you depends on the various environmental control you have at hand.USES AND IMPLICATIONSThe General Control also focuses on the different management changes that are brought at bottom the business system or environment . Changes are a verily a actually stressful task with in the organization.Information Technology helps to make sure that the changes brought therein is unimpeachable with the norms, organizational culture and the rules and regulations of the business itself (Senft & Gallegos, 2008). During the life of the business, many programs (complex or simples) are pen to help businesses procure their desired results.For example a company whitethorn kick downstairs itself in the need of a data Base Management Systems or a Data Warehouse. They may either obtain it or they may build it themselves. In both the cases, the company needs to couch the coding to suit their business requirements. It helps the source codes reliability inside the program.Businesses work on projects. For advanced business and for businesses that care to expand in the farsighted run, find themselves in the need of exploitation packet or systems. On the some other hand, software houses whose main business is to expatiate and sell customers customized softwares goes by a complex life one shot to design, develop, test, implement and maintain the software.General Control helps to achieve that too. It helps to simplify the whole cycle which may extend to a number of years depending on the size and complexity of the software (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2007).

Marketing & Innovation

tradeing & re raw(a)ing Beca intention the spirit of origin is to create a node, the business first measuring has twoand only twobasic functions securities industry and induction. Marketing and variety produce results all the oddment atomic number 18 costs. Peter Drucker (The Father of Management Theory) foundation garment Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and servees for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging flings that have prise for nodes, clients, partners, and guild at large. Ameri groundwork Marketing Association 2007) An innovation is the instruction execution of a modernistic or significantly improve return ( veracious or assistance), or process, a unseasoned marketing method, or a smart organisational method in business practices, work organization or external relations. (OECD 2005) Four types of innovations ar distinguished intersection innovations, process innovations, marketing innovations and organisational innov ations. (OECD 2005) * A point of intersection (service) innovation is the introduction of a good or service that is parvenue or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intend uses.This involves significant improvements in technical specifications, components and reals, incorporated softw ar, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. * A process innovation is the implementation of a bleakfangled or significantly improved harvestion or delivery method. This includes significant forms in techniques, equipment and/or software. * An organisational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in the firms business practices, workplace organization or external relations. A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in proceeds design or packaging, addition placement, ingathering progress or pricing. The OCEDs definition is too shrink it reduces the scope of marketin g by separating between marketing, overlap innovation and delivery. If we mixed the two definition we can propose that with a marketing lenses an innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved method, process or practices in creating, communicating, delivering, and xchanging snapings that have jimmy for clients, clients, partners, and society at large * cosmos in marketing could be related to * The creation (Iphone), * The colloquy (Web2. 0), * The delivery (Internet), * Or exchanging (Michelin) * offerings that have take to be 2 Main objective Under bear outing and mastering the process from new ideas generation to new value offering for the stakeholders Degree of differenciation of consumer expectations Degree of improvement in applied science Low High Low Continuous innovation(cordless phone) Market breakthroughts (parabolic skis) High Technology breakthroughts (passage from video players to DVD player) pedestal innovation(cell phone) basis co ntinuum Continuous innovation * Modification to an alert output that does non require a change in attainment * Improvement of an live product with out(p) major changes Dynamically Continuous Innovations * Modification to an existing product that requires a modest amount of learning or change in behavior to use it Discontinuous innovation (radical innovation) Major changes in the room we live * Product innovation which break the rules and the norms * early days consumption behaviors and use * Technology Example share documents on Internet, D induceloading musics, E-business and virtual stores, Free software, Hybrid cars in the alto buzz offher product learning process 3 frame 1 Idea Generation Sources of new ideas * upcountry idea sources * Formal research and breakment * Intrapreneurial programmes * international idea sources * guests * cowcatcher customers Pilot customers methodsThe estimated annual gross revenue of new products developed found on ideas generated by pilot customers are eight times high than estimated sales of innovations developed from more than traditional methods. Pilot Customer users think Characteristics of brainstorming 1. spell out a clear, rivet objective 2. Select participants for the team 3. tog out for the session 4. At the session Rules for brainstorming. Rules * A parley at the same time * Be concentered on the subject * Be visual (drawing) * abet crazy ideas * The quantity is more important than the fibre * Negative comments have to be avoided No interruptions from extracurricular Role of the team leader * Contri merelye to, except not inhibit the flow of ideas * Dont be too controlling * Encourage partnership from everyone * Introduce creative games * Call the time out to review and evaluate ideas that have been generated Method * Write a list of ideas (uses) * Classify ideas thanks to criteria * fall out common points between application pseudo segments 4 Interviews Motivation * Focus group / individual questions Characteristics of charge group Group sizing 8 to 12 Group composition Homogeneous respondents prescreened Physical linguistic context Relaxed, informal atmosphere Time duration 1 to 3 hours Recording Record all the watchword with sound an video Moderator Observational, inter ain, communication skills * Individual reference Type of interview Required skills Structured interview Neutrality, no prompting, no improvisation Semi-structured interview or so probing, rapport with interviewee, understanding the aims of the project Open-ended interview or depth interview Flexibility, rapport with interviewee, agile listening Focus group Facilitation skills, flexibility, ability to stand back from the discussion so that group kinetics can emerge Characteristics of semi-structured individual interviews Group size Face to face, one-one-one basis Interview structure Semi-structured, direct, personal interview. Use of an interview gu ide Physical desktop Relaxed, informal atmosphere Time duration peerless hour Recording Use of audiocassettes and videotapes Moderator Observational, interpersonal, communication skills * 5 Focus on semi-structural individual interview inquiring style * Open ended, non-directive * Little or no direction on how to answer * Relate to base in own way * Use own language Probing for detail, depth, clarification Prompting promote respondent to answer * Non-verbal, repeating, rephrasing, summarising * Salespeople * Service providers * Anyone with direct customer contact * Competitors Companies watch competitors ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products * Distri only whenors, suppliers and others Companies watch competitors ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products Example of Brainstorming anti-odor product First step write a list of uses * Dirty socks, Ashtrays , Changing rooms, Refrigerators, Elevators, Subway tunnels * secondly step classify ideas * Development of a distinction transcription * A Possible today * B possible soon * C difficult and gaga * Criteria * Technicity faisability, cost, market accessibility, competitors, time of solution * Third step Find common points How customers can use the product Passage from 80 ideas to 8 pseudo-market segments What is its added value? Deodorization globe places Types of customers Chemicalplants Places Household odors. configuration 2 Product development * Expand ideas into more complete product inventions * hear features the product should have and benefits those features will provide * 6 Evaluate chance for success * Develop a marketing system that can be utilize to introduce the product to the market place aft(pre noun phrase) more than a decade of development, Daimler begins to commercialize its data-based fuel-cell-powered- electric car Next step to develop this new produ ct into alternative product concepts ideal 1 A moderately priced subcompact car designed as a second family car to be used around town Concept 2 A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people Concept 3 An inexpensive subcompact green car Concept 4 A high-end sport utility vehicle (SUV) appealing those who bed the space manikin 3 Marketing outline development * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place * Identify the target market * Estimate its size * Determine how the product can be positioned * Plan pricing, distribution and promotion expenditures Phase 4 Technical development * The product moves into product develop RD or engineering develops the product concept into a physical product Look beyond simply creating products that satisfy consumers needs and wants Companies work to make products that are both satisfying and easy to manufacture. Phase 5 Marketing Test * It lets the company streak the product and its en tire marketing programme positioning, advertising, distribution, pricing, branding and budget levels Phase 6 Commercialization soak up the product * Full scale production * dispersal * Advertising * Sales promotion * and more 7 INNOVATING BY SERVICESInnovation and Marketing Decision The customers determine ignore An economic opportunity exists for an innovation when a new value prompting to customer is possible Agreeing the PSS bidding (Product Service System) What is important is not our offer but what our customers do with it, there are three kinds of value propositions for an innovation. Innovation and the first customers value proposition * Customer Values are infix in a three phase angles consumption scenario. * These stages confine three kinds of value. * demonstrate 1 Decision ( electromotive force value) * Stage 2 The central (value in exchange) Stage 3 use of goods and services (value in use) Innovation in potential value First innovative value proposition Inno vation concerning the facilities The facilities include all company resources employees, know-how, technology, nominal goods and other facilities that must be accessible (before offer provision is feasible). Make perceptible the strength of a promise potential difference think of from facilities stage in an offer provision scenario, ex IBIS Hotel 8 POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in a service provision scenario ex vending machine Innovation in value in exchange morsel innovative value proposition Innovation concerning the regeneration process This is the stage in which company resources are combined with other companies resources in order to substitute them. Companies act as prime resources integrators and the innovation consists of new ways of co-operating, collaborating, co-branding In this case, these values in exchange will have to be new values in use for the customers to be successful VALUE IN EXCHANGE from the exchange stage in an offer provision scenario ex Sens eo, Nike+ iphone app This transformation stage can also exhibit innovation concerning node VALUE in EXCHANGE.Offer provision can include a transformation of customer resources in cost of persons (surgery, hair cuts), physical objects (e. g. car repairs), nominal good (e. g. investment banking, rights (e. g. lawyers.. ) and/or data (tax advisors) It contains elements which are every pre-prepared within producers facilities, or are co-produced by customer and provider during the integration and the transformation of customer resources. Innovation consists of changing the way of integrating the customers resources with those of the producers VALUE IN EXCHANGE. Innovation in producers-customers co-production ex WikipediaInnovation and the third Customers Value proposition. Innovation in customers value in use The usage stage exhibits CUSTOMER VALUE IN USE. Innovation consists of proposing to customer new values in use, sensed as new solutions. Ex Wii for the seniors Definition of ser vicization The differentiate idea behind product service systems is that consumers do not specifically demand products, per se, but kind of are seeking the utility these products and services provide. By using a service to meet most needs quite a than a physical object, more needs can be met with rase material and energy requirements. A product service system is a competitive system of products, services, supporting networks and infrastructure. The system includes product maintenance, parts recycling and eventual product replacement, which satisfy customer needs competitively and with lower environmental impact over the life cycle. A Product-Service System can be defined as the result of an innovation strategy, shifting the business focus from designing and selling physical products only, to selling a system of products and services which are jointly fit of fulfilling specific client demands. Meeting consumers needs with a mix of products and services is not a new concept. Hou se rentals, hotels, taxis and restaurants are good examples based on economic interest. There are other new and innovative applications of product service systems that have developed as a response to make business more sustainable. The main difference between product service systems and the classic examples is that the preference of consumers is influenced by environmental, as well as economic interests.Source UNITED NATIONS purlieu PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS 10 Innovation by servicization an attractive way to put in on the markets Three ways to develop innovation by servicization 1- Product oriented services Provided to increase or optimize the product life cycle, these subsidiary services are offered to guarantee functionality and durability of the product (e. g. maintenance and repair, upgrading and substitution services over a specified time period, advise and consultancy for use optimisation, etcetera ). 2- Usage oriented servicesThe product is made forthcoming in a different form to the customer, is sometimes shared by number of users, but sash in ownership with the provider. It is the usage of the product rather than the product itself that is invoiced, without transfer of ownership (e. g. car communion or car pooling, tools location, financial leasing, etc. ). Ex http//www. lamachineduvoisin. fr/ 3- Result-oriented services (functional economy) Result-oriented services (or functional services) in this most accomplished form of servicization, the trafficker does not sell a product anymore to the customer, but the desired result rendered by the product.Rather than selling pesticides to farmers for example, the seller decides to offer a global service declaration that guarantee a maximal acceptable impairment on crops. A BM based on the sold products quantity A BM based on a service rate denounce a maximum loss rate on crops Firm in functional service is tone for less costly alternating solutions as the reintrodu ction of parasitics predatories or the earth reoxygenation by earthworms or using R&D in biology, agronomy, entomology.. The competitiveness of the seller depends on its ability to optimise the PSS implemented to wee-wee this cultivation and to use the least possible resources and energy to reach the targeted acceptable loss. Such functional services are implemented with great success by companies such as Xerox (Xerox Global Services) or Michelin (Michelin exit Solutions) for example.